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[Easton] Among the Jews was generally made of wheat (Ex. 29:2; Judg. 6:19), though also sometimes of other grains (Gen. 14:18; Judg. 7:13). Parched grain was sometimes used for food without any other preparation (Ruth 2:14). Bread was prepared by kneading in wooden bowls or “kneading troughs” (Gen. 18:6; Ex. 12:34; Jer. 7:18). The dough was mixed with leaven and made into thin cakes, round or oval, and then baked. The bread eaten at the Passover was always unleavened (Ex. 12:15-20; Deut. 16:3). In the towns there were public ovens, which were much made use of for baking bread; there were also bakers by trade (Hos. 7:4; Jer. 37:21). Their ovens were not unlike those of modern times. But sometimes the bread was baked by being placed on the ground that had been heated by a fire, and by covering it with the embers (1 Kings 19:6). This was probably the mode in which Sarah prepared bread on the occasion referred to in Gen. 18:6. In Lev. 2 there is an account of the different kinds of bread and cakes used by the Jews. (See BAKE.) The shew-bread (q.v.) consisted of twelve loaves of unleavened bread prepared and presented hot on the golden table every Sabbath. They were square or oblong, and represented the twelve tribes of Israel. The old loaves were removed every Sabbath, and were to be eaten only by the priests in the court of the sanctuary (Ex. 25:30; Lev. 24:8; 1 Sam. 21:1-6; Matt. 12:4). The word bread is used figuratively in such expressions as “bread of sorrows” (Ps. 127:2), “bread of tears” (80:5), i.e., sorrow and tears are like one’s daily bread, they form so great a part in life. The bread of “wickedness” (Prov. 4:17) and “of deceit” (20:17) denote in like manner that wickedness and deceit are a part of the daily life. [Smith] The preparation of bread as an article of food dates from a very early period. (Genesis 18:6) The corn or grain employed was of various sorts. The best bread was made of wheat, but “barley” and spelt were also used. (John 6:9,13; Isaiah 28:25) The process of making bread was as follows: the flour was first mixed with water or milk; it was then kneaded with the hands (in Egypt with the feet also) in a small wooden bowl or “kneading-trough” until it became dough. (Exodus 12:34,39; 2 Samuel 13:3; Jeremiah 7:18) When the kneading was completed, leaven was generally added [Leaven]; but when the time for preparation was short, it was omitted, and unleavened cakes, hastily baked, were eaten as is still the prevalent custom among the Bedouins. ((Genesis 18:6; 19:3; Exodus 12:39; Judges 6:19; 1 Samuel 28:24) The leavened mass was allowed to stand for some time, (Matthew 13:33; Luke 13:21) the dough was then divided into round cakes, (Exodus 29:23; Judges 7:13; 8:5; 1 Samuel 10:3; Proverbs 6:26) not unlike flat stones in shape and appearance, (Matthew 7:9) comp. Matt 4:8 About a span in diameter and a finger’s breadth in thickness. In the towns where professional bakers resided, there were no doubt fixed ovens, in shape and size resembling those in use among ourselves; but more usually each household poured a portable oven, consisting of a stone or metal jar, about three feet high which was heated inwardly with wood, (1 Kings 17:12; Isaiah 44:15; Jeremiah 7:18) or dried grass and flower-stalks. (Matthew 6:30) [Nave] –Called the STAFF OF LIFE Eze 4:16 ; 5:16 ; 14:13 –KINDS OF .Bread of affliction 1Ki 22:27 ; Ps 127:2 ; Ho 9:4 ; Isa 30:20 .Leavened (made with yeast) Le 7:13 ; 23:17 ; Ho 7:4 ; Am 4:5 ; Mt 13:33 .Unleavened (made without yeast) Ge 19:3 ; Ex 29:2 ; Jud 6:19 ; 1Sa 28:24 –Made of wheat flour Ex 29:2 ; 1Ki 4:22 ; 5:11 ; Ps 81:16 –Manna Nu 11:8 –Meal 1Ki 17:12 –Barley Jud 7:13 –HOW PREPARED .Mixed with oil Ex 29:2 , 23 .Honey Ex 16:31 .With leaven, or ferment .See leavened, in the paragraph above .Also see LEAVEN .Kneaded Ge 18:6 ; Ex 8:3 ; 12:34 ; 1Sa 28:24 ; 2Sa 13:8 ; Jer 7:18 ; Ho 7:4 .Made into loaves 1Sa 10:3 ; 17:17 ; 25:18 ; 1Ki 14:3 ; Mr 8:14 .Cakes 2Sa 6:19 ; 1Ki 17:12 .Wafers Ex 16:21 ; 29:23 .Cracknels 1Ki 14:3 .Baked in ovens Ex 8:3 ; Le 2:4 ; 7:9 ; 11:35 ; 26:26 ; Ho 7:4 .in pans Le 2:5 , 7 ; 2Sa 13:6-9 .on hearths Ge 18:6 .on coals 1Ki 19:6 ; Isa 44:19 ; Joh 21:9 .on coals of dung Eze 4:12 , 15 –Made by men Ge 40:2 –Made by women Le 26:26 ; 1Sa 8:13 ; Jer 7:18 –Traffic in Jer 37:21 ; Mr 6:37 –Sacrificed Le 21:6 , 8 , 17 , 21 , 22 ; 22:25 ; 1Sa 2:36 ; 2Ki 23:9 –By idolaters Jer 7:18 ; 44:19 –See SHEWBREAD –See OFFERINGS –FIGURATIVE Isa 55:2 ; 1Co 10:17 ; 2Co 9:10 .Christ Joh 6:32-35 –SYMBOLICAL .Of the body of Christ Mt 26:26 ; Ac 20:7 ; 1Co 11:23 , 24