지옥

Hell

주제

[Easton 한국어 번역] 영어 헬(hell)은 ‘덮다’를 뜻하는 색슨어 헬란(helan)에서 유래하였으며, 따라서 덮인 곳 또는 보이지 않는 곳을 뜻한다. 성경에는 이 말로 번역되는 단어가 세 가지 있다. (1.) 스올(sheol). 구약에 육십오 회 나온다. 이 스올이라는 말은 ‘묻다’, ‘요구하다’를 뜻하는 어근에서 유래하며, 따라서 만족할 줄 모름을 뜻한다(잠 30:15, 16). 이 말은 삼십일 회 ‘무덤’으로 번역된다(창 37:35; 42:38; 44:29, 31; 삼상 2:6 등). 개정역 번역자들은 역사서에서는 이 번역을 유지하면서 난외주에 원어를 실었고, 시가서에서는 이 원칙을 거꾸로 적용하였다. 흠정역에서는 이 말이 삼십일 회 ‘지옥’으로 번역되는데, 육체를 떠난 영들이 있는 곳을 뜻한다. 스올의 거민들은 ‘사망의 회중’이다(잠 21:16). 그곳은 (a) 악인들의 거처이며(민 16:33; 욥 24:19; 시 9:17; 31:17 등), (b) 선인들의 거처이기도 하다(시 16:10; 30:3; 49:15; 86:13 등). 스올은 깊고(욥 11:8), 어두우며(욥 10:21, 22), 빗장이 있는 곳으로 묘사된다(욥 17:16). 죽은 자들은 그곳으로 ‘내려간다’(민 16:30, 33; 겔 31:15, 16, 17). (2.) 신약의 헬라어 하데스(hades)는 구약의 스올과 같은 범위의 의미를 지닌다. 그곳은 옥이며(벧전 3:19), 문들과 빗장들과 자물쇠들이 있고(마 16:18; 계 1:18), 아래에 있다(마 11:23; 눅 10:15). 의인과 악인은 분리되어 있다. 복된 죽은 자들은 하데스 가운데 낙원이라 불리는 부분에 있다(눅 23:43). 그들은 또한 아브라함의 품에 있는 것으로도 묘사된다(눅 16:22). (3.) 게헨나(gehenna). 헬라어 신약에서 이 말은 대부분 멸망한 자들이 있는 곳을 가리킨다(마 23:33). 그들이 그곳에서 처하는 상태의 두려운 성격은 여러 가지 비유적 표현으로 묘사된다(마 8:12; 13:42; 22:13; 25:30; 눅 16:24 등). (‘힌놈’ 항목 참조.)

영문 원문·다른 사전 펼치기

[Easton] Derived from the Saxon helan, to cover; hence the covered or the invisible place. In Scripture there are three words so rendered: (1.) Sheol, occurring in the Old Testament sixty-five times. This word sheol is derived from a root-word meaning “to ask,” “demand;” hence insatiableness (Prov. 30:15, 16). It is rendered “grave” thirty-one times (Gen. 37:35; 42:38; 44:29, 31; 1 Sam. 2:6, etc.). The Revisers have retained this rendering in the historical books with the original word in the margin, while in the poetical books they have reversed this rule. In thirty-one cases in the Authorized Version this word is rendered “hell,” the place of disembodied spirits. The inhabitants of sheol are “the congregation of the dead” (Prov. 21:16). It is (a) the abode of the wicked (Num. 16:33; Job 24:19; Ps. 9:17; 31:17, etc.); (b) of the good (Ps. 16:10; 30:3; 49:15; 86:13, etc.). Sheol is described as deep (Job 11:8), dark (10:21, 22), with bars (17:16). The dead “go down” to it (Num. 16:30, 33; Ezek. 31:15, 16, 17). (2.) The Greek word hades of the New Testament has the same scope of signification as sheol of the Old Testament. It is a prison (1 Pet. 3:19), with gates and bars and locks (Matt. 16:18; Rev. 1:18), and it is downward (Matt. 11:23; Luke 10:15). The righteous and the wicked are separated. The blessed dead are in that part of hades called paradise (Luke 23:43). They are also said to be in Abraham’s bosom (Luke 16:22). (3.) Gehenna, in most of its occurrences in the Greek New Testament, designates the place of the lost (Matt. 23:33). The fearful nature of their condition there is described in various figurative expressions (Matt. 8:12; 13:42; 22:13; 25:30; Luke 16:24, etc.). (See HINNOM.) [Smith] In the Old Testament this is the word generally and unfortunately used by our translators to render the Hebrew Sheol . It really means the place of the dead, the unseen world, without deciding whether it be the place of misery or of happiness. It is clear that in many passages of the Old Testament Sheol can only mean “the grave,” and is rendered in the Authorized Version; see, for example, (Genesis 37:35; 42:38; 1 Samuel 2:6; Job 14:13) In other passages, however, it seems to Involve a notion of punishment, and is therefore rendered in the Authorized Version by the word “hell.” But in many cases this translation misleads the reader. In the New Testament “hell” is the translation of two words, Hades and Gehenna . The word Hades, like Sheol sometimes means merely “the grave,” (Acts 2:31; 1 Corinthians 15:55; Revelation 20:13) or in general “the unseen world.” It is in this sense that the creeds say of our Lord, “He went down into hell,” meaning the state of the dead in general, without any restriction of happiness or misery. Elsewhere in the New Testament Hades is used of a place of torment, (Matthew 11:23; Luke 16:23; 2 Peter 2:4) etc.; consequently it has been the prevalent, almost the universal, notion that Hades is an intermediate state between death and resurrection, divided into two parts one the abode of the blest and the other of the lost. It is used eleven times in the New Testament, and only once translated “grave.” (1 Corinthians 15:55) The word most frequently used (occurring twelve times) in the New Testament for the place of future punishment is Gehenna or Gehenna of fire . This was originally the valley of Hinnom, south of Jerusalem, where the filth and dead animals of the city were cast out and burned; a fit symbol of the wicked and their destruction. [See Hinnom] [Nave] –(In the A. V. this word occurs in O. T. Scriptures, cited below, and is the translation of the Hebrew word “sheol,” which signifies the unseen state) –In the R. V. of O. T. it appears only in Isa 5:14 ; 14:9 , 15 ; 28:15 , 18 ; 57:9 ; Eze 31:16 , 17 ; 32:21 , 27 ; Am 9:2 ; Jon 2:2 ; Hab 2:5 –In the R. V., “sheol” is translated “lowest pit” De 32:22 ; Ps 86:13 –And it is translated “pit” in Ps 55:15 –In the R. V. the word “Sheol” itself occurs in the following scriptures 2Sa 22:6 ; Job 11:8 ; 26:6 ; Ps 9:17 ; 16:10 ; 18:5 ; 116:3 ; 139:8 ; Pr 5:5 ; 7:27 ; 9:18 ; 15:11 , 24 ; 23:14 ; 27:20 –“Sheol” is translated “grave” in A. V. in Ge 37:35 ; 42:38 ; 44:29 , 31 ; 1Sa 2:6 ; 1Ki 2:6 ; 9 ; Job 7:9 ; 14:13 ; 17:13 ; 21:13 ; 24:19 ; Ps 6:5 ; 30:3 ; 31:17 ; 49:14 , 15 ; 88:3 ; 89:48 ; 141:7 ; Pr 1:12 ; 30:16 ; Ec 9:10 ; So 8:6 ; Ho 13:14 –In the R. V. the Greek word “gehenna” is translated “hell” in the following scriptures Mt 5:22 , 29 , 30 ; 10:28 ; 18:9 ; 23:15 , 33 ; Mr 9:43 , 45 , 47 ; Lu 12:5 ; Jas 3:6 –The R. V. has introduced “Hades,” the word found in the Greek text, which signifies the unseen world, in the following scriptures Mt 11:23 ; 16:18 ; Lu 10:15 ; 16:23 ; Ac 2:27 , 31 ; Re 1:18 ; 6:8 ; 20:13 , 14 –THE FUTURE HOME OF THE WICKED Ps 9:17 ; Pr 5:5 ; 9:13 , 15-18 ; 15:24 ; 23:13 , 14 ; Isa 30:33 ; 33:14 ; Mt 3:12 ; 5:29 , 30 ; 7:13 , 14 ; 8:11 , 12 ; 10:28 ; 13:30 , 38-42 , 49 , 50 ; 16:18 ; 18:8 , 9 , 34 , 35 ; 22:13 ; 25:28-30 , 41 , 46 ; Mr 9:43-48 ; Lu 3:17 ; 16:23-26 , 28 ; Ac 1:25 ; 2Th 1:9 ; 2Pe 2:4 ; Jude 1 :6-23; Re 2:11 ; 9:1 , 2 ; 11:7 ; 14:10 , 11 ; 19:20 ; 20:10 , 15 ; 21:8 .See WICKED, PUNISHMENT OF

항목 출처: Easton; Smith; Nave · CC BY-SA 4.0; Public domain; NEUU CC BY 4.0