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[Smith] Besides the ordinary uses to which stones were applied, we may mention that large stones were set up to commemorate any remarkable event. (Genesis 28:18; 35:14; 31:45; Joshua 4:9; 1 Samuel 7:12) Such stones were occasionally consecrated By anointing. (Genesis 28:18) Heaps of stones were piled up on various occasions, as in token of a treaty, (Genesis 31:47) or over the grave of some notorious offender. (Joshua 7:26; 8:29; 2 Samuel 18:17) The “white stone” noticed in (Revelation 2:17) has been variously regarded as referring to the pebble of acquittal used in the Greek courts; to the lot cast in elections in Greece to both these combined; to the stones in the high priest’s breastplate; to the tickets presented to the victor at the public games; or, lastly, to the custom of writing on stones. The notice in (Zechariah 12:3) of the “burdensome stone” is referred by Jerome to the custom of lifting stones as an exercise of strength, comp. Ecclus. 6:21; but it may equally well be explained of a large corner-stone as a symbol of strength. (Isaiah 28:16) Stones are used metaphorically to denote hardness or insensibility, (1 Samuel 25:37; Ezekiel 11:19; 36:26) as well as firmness or strength. (Genesis 49:24) The members of the Church are called “living stones,” as contributing to rear that living temple in which Christ, himself “a living stone,” is the chief or head of the corner. (Ephesians 2:20-22; 1 Peter 2:4-8) [Nave] –Commandments engraved upon Ex 24:12 ; 31:18 ; 34:1-4 ; De 4:13 ; 5:22 ; 9:9-11 ; 10:1-3 –The law of Moses written upon Jos 8:32 –Houses built of Isa 9:10 ; Am 5:11 –Temple built of 1Ki 5:17 , 18 ; 7:9-12 ; Mt 24:2 ; Lu 19:44 ; 21:5 , 6 –Prepared in the quarries 1Ki 6:7 –Hewn (cut) Ex 34:1 ; De 10:1 ; 1Ki 5:17 ; 6:36 ; 7:9 ; 2Ki 12:12 ; 22:6 ; 1Ch 22:2 ; 2Ch 34:11 ; La 3:9 –Sawed 1Ki 7:9 –Hewers (stone-cutters) of 1Ki 5:18 ; 2Ki 12:12 ; 1Ch 22:15 –City walls built of Ne 4:3 –Memorial pillars of Ge 28:18-22 ; 31:45-52 ; Jos 4:2-9 , 20-24 ; 24:25 ; 1Sa 7:12 –Great, as landmarks (Some Hebrew mss. have “Abel”) 1Sa 6:18 –Ezel 1Sa 20:19 –Zoheleth 1Ki 1:9 –Thrown upon accursed ground 2Ki 3:19 , 25 –Used .In building altars Jos 8:31 .For weighing (margin) Le 19:36 .For closing graves Mt 27:60 ; Mr 15:46 ; 16:3 –Tombs hewn in Mt 27:60 ; Mr 15:46 ; 16:3 –Idols made of De 4:28 ; 28:36 , 64 ; 29:17 ; 2Ki 19:18 ; Isa 37:19 ; Eze 20:32 –Great, in Solomon’ s temple 1Ki 5:17 , 18 ; 7:9-12 –Magnificent, in Herod the Great’ s temple Mr 13:1 –Skill in throwing Jud 20:16 ; 1Ch 12:2 –See SLINGS –See ADAMANT –See CHALCEDONY –See MARBLE –See ONYX –See PILLARS –See PRECIOUS, below –FIGURATIVE Ge 49:24 ; Zec 3:9 .Of temptation, “Stone of Stumbling,” Isa 8:14 ; Ro 9:33 ; 1Pe 2:8 .Of Christ, “a Tested Stone,” “a Precious Stone,” “a Sure Foundation,” Isa 28:16 .Of Christ’ s rejection, the rejected Conerstone Ps 118:22 ; Mt 21:42-44 ; Mr 12:10 ; Lu 20:17 , 18 ; Ac 4:11 ; 1Pe 2:4 .The True Foundation Isa 28:16 ; Mt 16:18 ; 1Co 3:11 ; Eph 2:20 ; Re 21:14 .Of Christ, the Water of Life 1Co 10:4 .Of the impenitent heart Eze 36:26 .Of the witness of the Spirit, the white stone Re 2:17 –SYMBOLICAL .Of the kingdom of Christ Da 2:34 , 45 –PRECIOUS .In the breastplate and ephod Ex 28:9-21 ; 39:6-14 .Voluntary offerings of, by the Israelites for the breastplate and ephod Ex 35:27 .Exported from Sheba 1Ki 10:2 , 10 ; 2Ch 9:9 , 10 ; Eze 27:22 .Ophir 1Ki 10:11 .Partial catalogue of Eze 28:13 .Seen in the foundation of the New Jerusalem in John’ s apocalyptic vision Re 21:19 , 20 .In the crowns of kings 2Sa 12:30 ; 1Ch 20:2 –FIGURATIVE Isa 54:11 , 12 .See AGATE .See AMETHYST .See BERYL .See CARBUNCLE .See CHRYSOLITE .See CHRYSOPRASUS .See CORAL .See CRYSTAL .See DIAMOND .See EMERALD .See JACINTH .See JASPER .See LIGURE .See RUBY .See SAPPHIRE .See SARDIUS .See SARDONYX .See TOPAZ