이스라엘

[Easton] The name conferred on Jacob after the great prayer-struggle at Peniel (Gen. 32:28), because “as a prince he had power with God and prevailed.” (See JACOB.) This is the common name given to Jacob’s descendants. The whole people of the twelve tribes are called “Israelites,” the “children of Israel” (Josh. 3:17; 7:25; Judg. 8:27; Jer. 3:21), and the “house of Israel” (Ex. 16:31; 40:38). This name Israel is sometimes used emphatically for the true Israel (Ps. 73:1: Isa. 45:17; 49:3; John 1:47; Rom. 9:6; 11:26). After the death of Saul the ten tribes arrogated to themselves this name, as if they were the whole nation (2 Sam. 2:9, 10, 17, 28; 3:10, 17; 19:40-43), and the kings of the ten tribes were called “kings of Israel,” while the kings of the two tribes were called “kings of Judah.” After the Exile the name Israel was assumed as designating the entire nation. [Smith] (the prince that prevails with God). The name given, (Genesis 32:28) to Jacob after his wrestling with the angel, (Hosea 12:4) at Peniel. Gesenius interprets Israel “soldier of God.” It became the national name of the twelve tribes collectively. They are so called in (Exodus 3:16) and afterward. It is used in a narrower sense, excluding Judah, in (1 Samuel 11:8; 2 Samuel 20:1; 1 Kings 12:16) Thenceforth it was assumed and accepted as the name of the northern kingdom. After the Babylonian captivity, the returned exiles resumed the name Israel as the designation of their nation. The name Israel is also used to denote lay-men, as distinguished from priests, Levites and other ministers. (Ezra 6:16; 9:1; 10:25; Nehemiah 11:3) etc. [Hitchcock] who prevails with God [Nave] –1. A name given to Jacob Ge 32:24-32 ; 2Ki 17:34 ; Ho 12:3 , 4 –2. A name of the Messiah in prophecy Isa 49:3 –3. A name given to the descendants of Jacob, a nation .Also called ISRAELITES, and HEBREWS Ge 43:32 ; Ex 1:15 ; 9:7 ; 10:3 ; 21:2 ; Le 23:42 ; Jos 13:6 .Etc 1Sa 4:6 ; 13:3 , 19 ; 14:11 , 21 ; Php 3:5 –(TRIBES OF ISRAEL were named after the sons of Jacob) –(Usually, in lists, the names of Levi and Joseph, two sons of Jacob, do not appear) .The descendants of Levi were consecrated to the rites of religion, and the two sons of Joseph, Ephraim and Manasseh, were adopted by Jacob in Joseph’s place Ge 48:5 ; Jos 14:4 .And their names appear in the catalogues of tribes instead of those of Levi and Joseph, as follows, ASHER, BENJAMIN, DAN, EPHRAIM, GAD, ISSACHAR, JUDAH, MANASSEH, NAPHTALI, REUBEN, SIMEON, ZEBULUN .Names of, seen in John’s vision, on the gates of the New Jerusalem Re 21:12 .Prophecies concerning Ge 15:5 , 13 ; 25:23 ; 26:4 ; 27:28 , 29 , 40 ; 48:19 ; 49 ; De 33 .Prophecies about the multitude of Ge 13:16 ; 15:5 ; 22:17 ; 26:4 ; 28:14 .Prophecies of their captivity in Eqypt Ge 15:13 , 14 ; Ac 7:6 , 7 .Divided into families, each of which had a chief Nu 25:14 ; 26 ; 36:1 ; Jos 7:14 ; 1Ch 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 .Number of, who went into Egypt Ge 46:8-27 ; Ex 1:5 ; De 10:22 ; Ac 7:14 .Number of, at the time of the exodus Ex 12:37 , 38 ; with Ge 47:27 ; Ex 1:7-20 ; Ps 105:24 ; Ac 7:17 .Number of, fit for military service when they left Egypt Ex 12:37 .Number of, at Sinai, by tribes Nu 1:1-50 .Number of, after the plague Nu 26 .Number of, when David counted (conducted a census) 2Sa 24:1-9 ; 1Ch 21:5 , 6 ; 27:23 , 24 .Number of, after the captivity Ezr 2:64 ; Ne 7:66 , 67 .Number of, in John’s apocalyptic vision Re 7:1-8 .Lived in Goshen Ge 46:28-34 ; 47:4-10 , 27 , 28 .Lived in Egypt for four-hundred and thirty years Ex 12:40 , 41 ; with Ge 15:13 ; Ac 7:6 ; Ga 3:17 .Were enslaved and oppressed by the Egyptians Ex 1 ; 2 ; 5 ; Ac 7:18-21 .Their groaning heard by God Ex 2:23-25 .Moses commissioned as the deliverer Ex 3:2-22 ; 4:1-17 .The land of Egypt was plagued on their account See EGYPT .Exempt from the plagues Ex 8:22 , 23 ; 9:4-6 , 26 ; 10:23 ; 11:7 ; 12:13 .Children were spared when the firstborn of the Egyptians were killed Ex 12:13 , 23 .Instituted the Passover Ex 12:1-28 .Borrowed jewels from the Egyptians Ex 11:2 , 3 ; 12:35 , 36 ; Ps 105:37 .Urged by the Egyptians to depart Ex 12:31-39 .Journey from Rameses to Succoth Ex 12:37-39 .Made the journey by night Ex 12:42 .The day of their deliverance to be a memorial Ex 12:42 ; 13:3-16 .Led by God Ex 13:18 , 21 , 22 .Providentially cared for De 8:3 , 4 ; 29:5 , 6 ; 34:7 ; Ne 9:21 ; Ps 105:37 .See MANNA .See CLOUD, PILLAR OF .Journey from Succoth to Etham Ex 13:20 .Journey to Pi-hahiroth Ex 14:2 ; Nu 33:5-7 .Pursued by the Egyptians Ex 14:5-31 .Pass through the Red Sea Ex 14:19-22 ; De 11:4 ; Ps 78 ; 105 ; 106 ; 136 .The order of the march Nu 2 .Journey to Marah Ex 15:23 ; Nu 33:8 .Complained on account of the bitter water Ex 15:23-25 .Water of, sweetened Ex 15:25 .Journey to Elim Ex 15:27 ; Nu 33:9 .For the itinerary, see Nu 33 .Complained for food Ex 16:2 , 3 .Provided with manna and quail Ex 16:4-36 .Complained for lack of water at Rephidim Ex 17:2-7 .Water miraculously supplied from the rock at Meribah Ex 17:5-7 .Defeat the Amalekites Ex 17:13 ; De 25:17 , 18 .Arrive at Sinai Ex 19:1 ; Nu 33:15 .At the suggestion of Jethro, Moses’ father-in-law, they organize a system of government Ex 18:25 ; De 1:9-17 .The message of God to them, requiring that they must be obedient to his commandments, and as a reward they would be a holy nation to him, and their reply Ex 19:3-8 .Sanctify themselves for receiving the law Ex 19:10-15 .The law delivered to Ex 20 ; 21 ; 22 ; 23 ; 24:1-4 ; Le 25 ; 26 ; 27 .The people receive it and covenant obedience to it Ex 24:3 , 7 .Idolatry of Ex 32 ; De 9:17-21 .The anger of the Lord in consequence Ex 32:9-14 .Moses’ indignation; breaks the tables of stone; enters the camp; commands the Levites; three thousand die Ex 32:19-35 .Punished by a plague Ex 32:35 .Obduracy of Ex 33:3 ; 34:9 ; De 9:12-29 .God withdraws his presence Ex 33:1-3 .The mourning of, when God refused to lead them Ex 33:4-10 .Tables renewed Ex 34 .Pattern for the tabernacle and the appurtenances, and forms of worship to be observed Ex 25 ; 26 ; 27 ; 28 ; 29 ; 30 ; 31 .Gifts consecrated for the creation of the tabernacle Ex 35 ; 36:1-7 ; Nu 7 .The erection of the tabernacle; the manufacture of the appurtenances including the garments of the priests; and their sanctification Ex 36:8-38 ; 37 ; 38 ; 39 ; 40 .First sacrifice offered by, under the law Le 8:14-36 ; 9:8-24 .Second Passover observed Nu 9:1-5 .March out of the wilderness Nu 10:11-36 .For the itinerary, see Nu 33 .The order of camping sites and the march Nu 2 .Arrive at the border of Canaan Nu 12:16 .Send twelve spies to view the land Nu 13 ; 32:8 ; De 1:22 , 25 ; Jos 14:7 .Return with a majority report and a minority report Nu 13:26-33 ; 14:6-10 .Complaining over the report Nu 14:1-5 .The judgment of God upon them in consequence of their unbelief and complaining Nu 14:13-39 .Reaction, and their purpose to enter the land; are defeated by the Amalekites Nu 14:40-45 ; De 1:41-45 .Abide at Kadesh De 1:46 .Return to the wilderness, where they remain for thirty eight years, and all die except Joshua and Caleb Nu 14:20-39 .Rebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram Nu 16:1-40 ; De 11:6 .Complain against Moses and Aaron, are plagued, fourteen-thousand and seven-hundred people die, plague stopped Nu 16:41-50 .Complain for lack of water in Meribah; the rock is struck Nu 20:1-13 .Are refused passage through the country of Edom Nu 20:14-21 .The death of Aaron Nu 20:22 , 29 ; 33:38 , 39 ; De 10:6 .Defeat the Canaanites Nu 21:1-3 .Are scourged with fiery (poisonous) serpents Nu 21:4-9 .Defeat the Amorites Nu 21:21-32 ; De 2:24-35 .Defeat the king of Baasha Nu 21:33-35 ; De 3:1-17 .Arrive in the plains of Moab, at the fords of the Jordan River Nu 22:1 ; 33:48 , 49 .Commit idolatry with the people of Moab Nu 25:1-5 .Punished by a plague in consequence, twenty-four thousand people die Nu 25:6-15 ; 26:1 .The people numbered for the allotment of the land Nu 26 .The daughters of Zelophehad sue for an inheritance Nu 27:1-11 ; Jos 17:3-6 .Conquest of the Midianites Nu 31 .Nations dread De 2:25 .Renew the covenant De 29 .Moses dies, and the people mourn De 34 .Joshua appointed the leader Nu 27:18-23 ; De 31:23 .See JOSHUA .All who were numbered at Mount Sinai perished in the wilderness except Caleb and Joshua Nu 26:63 , 65 ; De 2:14-16 .Piety of those who entered Canaan Jos 23:8 ; Jud 2:7-10 ; Jer 2:2 , 3 .Men chosen to allot the lands of Canaan among the tribes and families Nu 34:17-29 .Remove from Shittim to the Jordan River Jos 3:1 .Cross the Jordan River Jos 4 .Circumcision observed and the Passover celebrated Jos 5 .Jericho captured Jos 6 .Ai captured Jos 7 ; 8 .Make a treaty with the Gibeonites Jos 9 .Defeat the five Amoritish kings Jos 10 .Conquest of the land Jos 21:43-45 ; with Jud 1 .The land allotted Jos 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21 .Two and one-half tribes return from the west side of the Jordan River; erect a memorial to signify the unity of the tribes; the memorial misunderstood; the controversy which followed; its amicable resolution Jos 22 .Joshua’s exhortation immediately before his death Jos 23 .Covenant renewed, death of Joshua Jos 24 ; Jud 2:8 , 9 .Religious fidelity during the life of Joshua Jos 24:31 ; Jud 2:7 –UNDER THE JUDGES .Public affairs administered four-hundred and fifty years by the judges Jud 2:16-19 ; Ac 13:20 .The original inhabitants not fully expelled Jud 1:27-36 ; 3:1-7 .Reproved by an angel for not casting out the original inhabitants Jud 2:1-5 .People turn to idolatry Jud 2:10-23 .Delivered for their idolatry to the king of Mesopotamia during eight years, their repentance and deliverance Jud 3:8-11 .Renew their idolatry, and are put under tribute to the king of Moab during eighteen years, repent and are delivered by Ehud, eighty years of peace follow Jud 3:12-30 .Shamgar resists a foray of the Philistines and delivers Israel Jud 3:31 .People again do evil and are put under bonds to the king of Syria for twenty years Jud 4:1-3 .Delivered by Deborah, a prophetess, and judged Jud 4 ; 5 .Seven years of bondage to the Midianites; delivered by Gideon Jud 6 ; 7 ; 8:1-28 .See GIDEON .Return to idolatry Jud 8:33 , 34 .Abimelech foments an inter-tribal war Jud 9 .Led by Tola for twenty-three years Jud 10:1 , 2 .Led by Jair for twenty-two years Jud 10:3 , 4 .The people backslide, and are given over to the Philistines for chastisement for eighteen years; they repent and turn to the Lord; they are delivered by Jephthah Jud 10:6-18 ; 11 .The Ephraimites go to war against other tribes; they are defeated by Jephthah Jud 12:1-7 .Led by Ibzan for seven years Jud 12:8-10 .Led by Elon for ten years Jud 12:11 , 12 .Led by Abdon for eight years Jud 12:13-15 .The people backslide again are chastened by the Philistines for forty years Jud 13:1 .Led by Samson for twenty years Jud 15:20 ; with 13; 14; 15; 16 .Scandal of the Bethlehemite’s concubine, and the consequent war between the Benjamites and the other tribes Jud 19 ; 20 ; 21 .Led by Eli for forty years 1Sa 4:18 ; with 1; 2; 3; 4 .Struck down by the Philistines at Eben-ezer 1Sa 4:1 , 2 , 10 , 11 .They demand a king 1Sa 8:5-20 ; Ho 13:10 –UNDER THE KINGS BEFORE THE SEPARATION INTO TWO KINGDOMS .Saul anointed as king 1Sa 10 ; 11:12-15 ; 12:13 .Ammonites invade Israel, are defeated 1Sa 11 .Philistines struck down 1Sa 14 .Amalekites defeated 1Sa 15 .David anointed as king 1Sa 16:11-13 .Goliath killed 1Sa 17 .Israel defeated by the Philistines, and Saul and his sons are killed 1Sa 31 .See SAUL .David defeats the Amalekites 1Sa 30 ; 2Sa 1:1 .David made king 2Sa 2:4 , 11 .Ish-bosheth made king 2Sa 2:8-10 .The conflict between the two political factions 2Sa 2:12-32 ; 3:1 .David made king over all Israel 2Sa 5:1-5 .Conquests of David 2Sa 8 .Absalom’s rebellion 2Sa 15:18 .See DAVID .Solomon anointed as king 1Ki 1:32-40 .The Temple built 1Ki 6 .Solomon’s palace built 1Ki 7 .Solomon’s death 1Ki 11:41-43 .See SOLOMON –THE REVOLT OF THE TEN TRIBES –(Foreshadowing circumstances indicating the separation) Disagreement after Saul’s death 2Sa 2 ; 1Ch 12:23-40 ; 13 .Lukewarmness of the ten tribes, and zeal of Judah for David in Absolom’s rebellion 2Sa 19:41-43 .The rebellion of Sheba 2Sa 20 .The two factions are distinguished as Israel and Judah during David’s reign 2Sa 21:2 .Providential Zec 11:14 .Revolt consummated under Rehoboam, son and successor of Solomon 1Ki 12:4 –4. The name of the ten tribes that revolted from the house (kingdom) of David .Also called JACOB Ho 12:2 –(The list of the kings of Israel, and the period of time in which they reigned. For the facts of their reigns see under each name) –1. Jeroboam, twenty-two years –2. Nadab, about two years –3. Baasha, twenty-four years –4. Elah, two years –5. Zimri, seven days –6. Omri, twelve years –7. Ahab, twenty-two years –8. Ahaziah, two years –9. Jehoram, twelve years –10. Jehu, twenty-eight years –11. Jehoahaz, seventeen years –12. Jehoash, sixteen years –13. Jeroboam II, forty-one years –14. Zachariah, six months –15. Shallum, one month –16. Menahem, ten years –17. Pekahiah, two years –18. Pekah, twenty years –19. Hoshea, nine years –(The ten tribes were carried away captive to Assyria) –HISTORY OF .War continued between the two kingdoms all the days of Rehoboam and Jeroboam 1Ki 14:30 .War continued between Jeroboam and Abijam 1Ki 15:7 .War continued between Baasha and Asa 1Ki 15:16 , 32 .Famine prevails during the reign of Ahab 1Ki 18:1-6 .Israel, also called SAMARIA, invaded by, but defeats, Ben-hadad, king of Syria 1Ki 20 .Moab rebels 2Ki 1:1 ; 3 .Army of Syria invades Israel, but peacefully withdraws through the tact of the prophet Elisha 2Ki 6:8-23 .The city of Samaria besieged 2Ki 6:24-33 ; 7 .The city of Samaria captured, and the people carried to Assyria 2Ki 17 .The land repopulated 2Ki 17:24 .The remnant that remained after the able-bodied persons were carried into captivity affiliated with the kingdom of Judah 2Ch 30:18-26 ; 34:6 ; 35:18 [STEPBible TIPNR] A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.25.26) referred to as Israel (Aramaic יִשְׂרָאֵל), or Jacob (יַעֲקֹב), or Jeshurun (יְשֻׁרוּן), or Israelite (יִשְׂרְאֵלִי), or Israelitess (יִשְׂרְאֵלִית), or Israel or Israelite (Ἰσραήλ), or Jacob (Ἰακώβ), or Israelite or Israel (Ἰσραηλίτης); son of Isaac and Rebekah; a brother of Esau; husband of Rachel and Leah, with concubines Zilpah and Bilhah; father of Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Dinah, Joseph and Benjamin. [Theographic] One who follows on another’s heels; supplanter, (Gen. 25:26; 27:36; Hos. 12:2-4), the second born of the twin sons of Isaac by Rebekah. He was born probably at Lahai-roi, when his father was fifty-nine and Abraham one hundred and fifty-nine years old. Like his father, he was of a quiet and gentle disposition, and when he grew up followed the life of a shepherd, while his brother Esau became an enterprising hunter. His dealing with Esau, however, showed much mean selfishness and cunning (Gen. 25:29-34). When Isaac was about 160 years of age, Jacob and his mother conspired to deceive the aged patriarch (Gen. 27), with the view of procuring the transfer of the birthright to himself. The birthright secured to him who possessed it (1) superior rank in his family (Gen. 49:3); (2) a double portion of the paternal inheritance (Deut. 21:17); (3) the priestly office in the family (Num. 8:17-19); and (4) the promise of the Seed in which all nations of the earth were to be blessed (Gen. 22:18). Soon after his acquisition of his father’s blessing (Gen. 27), Jacob became conscious of his guilt; and afraid of the anger of Esau, at the suggestion of Rebekah Isaac sent him away to Haran, 400 miles or more, to find a wife among his cousins, the family of Laban, the Syrian (28). There he met with Rachel (29). Laban would not consent to give him his daughter in marriage till he had served seven years; but to Jacob these years “seemed but a few days, for the love he had to her.” But when the seven years were expired, Laban craftily deceived Jacob, and gave him his daughter Leah. Other seven years of service had to be completed probably before he obtained the beloved Rachel. But “life-long sorrow, disgrace, and trials, in the retributive providence of God, followed as a consequence of this double union.” At the close of the fourteen years of service, Jacob desired to return to his parents, but at the entreaty of Laban he tarried yet six years with him, tending his flocks (31:41). He then set out with his family and property “to go to Isaac his father in the land of Canaan” (Gen. 31). Laban was angry when he heard that Jacob had set out on his journey, and pursued after him, overtaking him in seven days. The meeting was of a painful kind. After much recrimination and reproach directed against Jacob, Laban is at length pacified, and taking an affectionate farewell of his daughters, returns to his home in Padanaram. And now all connection of the Israelites with Mesopotamia is at an end. Soon after parting with Laban he is met by a company of angels, as if to greet him on his return and welcome him back to the Land of Promise (32:1, 2). He called the name of the place Mahanaim, i.e., “the double camp,” probably his own camp and that of the angels. The vision of angels was the counterpart of that he had formerly seen at Bethel, when, twenty years before, the weary, solitary traveller, on his way to Padan-aram, saw the angels of God ascending and descending on the ladder whose top reached to heaven (28:12). He now hears with dismay of the approach of his brother Esau with a band of 400 men to meet him. In great agony of mind he prepares for the worst. He feels that he must now depend only on God, and he betakes himself to him in earnest prayer, and sends on before him a munificent present to Esau, “a present to my lord Esau from thy servant Jacob.” Jacob’s family were then transported across the Jabbok; but he himself remained behind, spending the night in communion with God. While thus engaged, there appeared one in the form of a man who wrestled with him. In this mysterious contest Jacob prevailed, and as a memorial of it his name was changed to Israel (wrestler with God); and the place where this occured he called Peniel, “for”, said he, “I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved” (32:25-31). After this anxious night, Jacob went on his way, halting, mysteriously weakened by the conflict, but strong in the assurance of the divine favour. Esau came forth and met him; but his spirit of revenge was appeased, and the brothers met as friends, and during the remainder of their lives they maintained friendly relations. After a brief sojourn at Succoth, Jacob moved forward and pitched his tent near Shechem (q.v.), 33:18; but at length, under divine directions, he moved to Bethel, where he made an altar unto God (35:6, 7), and where God appeared to him and renewed the Abrahamic covenant. While journeying from Bethel to Ephrath (the Canaanitish name of Bethlehem), Rachel died in giving birth to her second son Benjamin (35:16-20), fifteen or sixteen years after the birth of Joseph. He then reached the old family residence at Mamre, to wait on the dying bed of his father Isaac. The complete reconciliation between Esau and Jacob was shown by their uniting in the burial of the patriarch (35:27-29). Jacob was soon after this deeply grieved by the loss of his beloved son Joseph through the jealousy of his brothers (37:33). Then follows the story of the famine, and the successive goings down into Egypt to buy corn (42), which led to the discovery of the long-lost Joseph, and the patriarch’s going down with all his household, numbering about seventy souls (Ex. 1:5; Deut. 10:22; Acts 7:14), to sojourn in the land of Goshen. Here Jacob, “after being strangely tossed about on a very rough ocean, found at last a tranquil harbour, where all the best affections of his nature were gently exercised and largely unfolded” (Gen. 48). At length the end of his checkered course draws nigh, and he summons his sons to his bedside that he may bless them. Among his last words he repeats the story of Rachel’s death, although forty years had passed away since that event took place, as tenderly as if it had happened only yesterday; and when “he had made an end of charging his sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded up the ghost” (49:33). His body was embalmed and carried with great pomp into the land of Canaan, and buried beside his wife Leah in the cave of Machpelah, according to his dying charge. There, probably, his embalmed body remains to this day (50:1-13). The history of Jacob is referred to by the prophets Hosea (12:3, 4, 12) and Malachi (1:2). In Micah 1:5 the name is a poetic synonym for Israel, the kingdom of the ten tribes. There are, besides the mention of his name along with those of the other patriarchs, distinct references to events of his life in Paul’s epistles (Rom. 9:11-13; Heb. 12:16; 11:21). See references to his vision at Bethel and his possession of land at Shechem in John 1:51; 4:5, 12; also to the famine which was the occasion of his going down into Egypt in Acts 7:12 (See LUZ; BETHEL.)