제단

[Easton] (Heb. mizbe’ah, from a word meaning “to slay”), any structure of earth (Ex. 20:24) or unwrought stone (20:25) on which sacrifices were offered. Altars were generally erected in conspicuous places (Gen. 22:9; Ezek. 6:3; 2 Kings 23:12; 16:4; 23:8; Acts 14:13). The word is used in Heb. 13:10 for the sacrifice offered upon it—the sacrifice Christ offered. Paul found among the many altars erected in Athens one bearing the inscription, “To the unknown God” (Acts 17:23), or rather “to an [i.e., some] unknown God.” The reason for this inscription cannot now be accurately determined. It afforded the apostle the occasion of proclaiming the gospel to the “men of Athens.” The first altar we read of is that erected by Noah (Gen. 8:20). Altars were erected by Abraham (Gen. 12:7; 13:4; 22:9), by Isaac (Gen. 26:25), by Jacob (33:20; 35:1, 3), and by Moses (Ex. 17:15, “Jehovah-nissi”). In the tabernacle, and afterwards in the temple, two altars were erected. (1.) The altar of burnt offering (Ex. 30:28), called also the “brasen altar” (Ex. 39:39) and “the table of the Lord” (Mal. 1:7). This altar, as erected in the tabernacle, is described in Ex. 27:1-8. It was a hollow square, 5 cubits in length and in breadth, and 3 cubits in height. It was made of shittim wood, and was overlaid with plates of brass. Its corners were ornamented with “horns” (Ex. 29:12; Lev. 4:18). In Ex. 27:3 the various utensils appertaining to the altar are enumerated. They were made of brass. (Comp. 1 Sam. 2:13, 14; Lev. 16:12; Num. 16:6, 7.) In Solomon’s temple the altar was of larger dimensions (2 Chr. 4:1. Comp. 1 Kings 8:22, 64; 9:25), and was made wholly of brass, covering a structure of stone or earth. This altar was renewed by Asa (2 Chr. 15:8). It was removed by Ahaz (2 Kings 16:14), and “cleansed” by Hezekiah, in the latter part of whose reign it was rebuilt. It was finally broken up and carried away by the Babylonians (Jer. 52:17). After the return from captivity it was re-erected (Ezra 3:3, 6) on the same place where it had formerly stood. (Comp. 1 Macc. 4:47.) When Antiochus Epiphanes pillaged Jerusalem the altar of burnt offering was taken away. Again the altar was erected by Herod, and remained in its place till the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (70 A.D.). The fire on the altar was not permitted to go out (Lev. 6:9). In the Mosque of Omar, immediately underneath the great dome, which occupies the site of the old temple, there is a rough projection of the natural rock, of about 60 feet in its extreme length, and 50 in its greatest breadth, and in its highest part about 4 feet above the general pavement. This rock seems to have been left intact when Solomon’s temple was built. It was in all probability the site of the altar of burnt offering. Underneath this rock is a cave, which may probably have been the granary of Araunah’s threshing-floor (1 Chr. 21:22). (2.) The altar of incense (Ex. 30:1-10), called also “the golden altar” (39:38; Num. 4:11), stood in the holy place “before the vail that is by the ark of the testimony.” On this altar sweet spices were continually burned with fire taken from the brazen altar. The morning and the evening services were commenced by the high priest offering incense on this altar. The burning of the incense was a type of prayer (Ps. 141:2; Rev. 5:8; 8:3, 4). This altar was a small movable table, made of acacia wood overlaid with gold (Ex. 37:25, 26). It was 1 cubit in length and breadth, and 2 cubits in height. In Solomon’s temple the altar was similar in size, but was made of cedar-wood (1 Kings 6:20; 7:48) overlaid with gold. In Ezek. 41:22 it is called “the altar of wood.” (Comp. Ex. 30:1-6.) In the temple built after the Exile the altar was restored. Antiochus Epiphanes took it away, but it was afterwards restored by Judas Maccabaeus (1 Macc. 1:23; 4:49). Among the trophies carried away by Titus on the destruction of Jerusalem the altar of incense is not found, nor is any mention made of it in Heb. 9. It was at this altar Zacharias ministered when an angel appeared to him (Luke 1:11). It is the only altar which appears in the heavenly temple (Isa. 6:6; Rev. 8:3, 4). [Smith] The first altar of which we have any account is that built by Noah when he left the ark. (Genesis 8:20) In the early times altars were usually built in certain spots hallowed by religious associations, e.g., where God appeared. (Genesis 12:7; 13:18; 26:25; 35:1) Though generally erected for the offering of sacrifice, in some instances they appear to have been only memorials. (Genesis 12:7; Exodus 17:15,16) Altars were most probably originally made of earth. The law of Moses allowed them to be made of either earth or unhewn stones. (Exodus 20:24,25) I. The Altar of Burnt Offering . It differed in construction at different times. (1) In the tabernacle, (Exodus 27:1) ff.; Exod 38:1 ff., it was comparatively small and portable. In shape it was square. It as five cubits in length, the same in breadth, and three cubits high. It was made of planks of shittim (or acacia) wood overlaid with brass. The interior was hollow. (Exodus 27:8) At the four corners were four projections called horns made, like the altar itself, of shittim wood overlaid with brass, (Exodus 27:2) and to them the victim was bound when about to be sacrificed. (Psalms 118:27) Round the altar, midway between the top and bottom, ran a projecting ledge, on which perhaps the priest stood when officiating. To the outer edge of this, again, a grating or network of brass was affixed, and reached to the bottom of the altar. At the four corners of the network were four brazen rings, into which were inserted the staves by which the altar was carried. These staves were of the same material as the altar itself. As the priests were forbidden to ascend the altar by steps, (Exodus 20:26) it has been conjectured that a slope of earth led gradually up to the ledge from which they officiated. The place of the altar was at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.)” (Exodus 40:29) (2) In Solomon’s temple the altar was considerably larger in its dimensions. It differed too in the material of which it was made, being entirely of brass. (1 Kings 8:64; 2 Chronicles 7:7) It had no grating, and instead of a single gradual slope, the ascent to it was probably made by three successive platforms, to each of which it has been supposed that steps led. The altar erected by Herod in front of the temple was 15 cubits in height and 50 cubits in length and breadth. According to (Leviticus 6:12,13) a perpetual fire was to be kept burning on the altar. II. The Altar of Incense, called also the golden altar to distinguish it from the altar of burnt offering which was called the brazen altar. (Exodus 38:30) (a) That in the tabernacle was made of acacia wood, overlaid with pure gold. In shape it was square, being a cubit in length and breadth and two cubits in height. Like the altar of burnt offering it had horns at the four corners, which were of one piece with the rest of the altar. This altar stood in the holy place, “before the vail that is by the ark of the testimony.” (Exodus 30:6; 40:5) (b) The altar of Solomon’s temple was similar, (1 Kings 7:48; 1 Chronicles 28:18) but was made of cedar overlaid with gold. III. Other Altars . In (Acts 17:23) reference is made to an alter to an unknown God. There were several altars in Athens with this inscription, erected during the time of a plague. Since they knew not what god was offended and required to be propitiated. [Nave] –Built by Noah Ge 8:2 –Built by Abraham Ge 12:7 , 8 ; 13:18 ; 22:9 –Built by Isaac Ge 26:25 –Built by Jacob Ge 33:20 ; 35:1-7 –Built by Moses Ex 17:15 ; 24:4 –Built by Balaam Nu 23:1 , 14 , 29 –Built by Joshua De 27:4-7 ; Jos 8:30-32 –Built by the Reubenites and Gadites Jos 22:10 , 34 –Built by Gideon Jud 6:26 , 27 –Built by Samuel 1Sa 7:17 –Built by Saul 1Sa 14:35 –Built by David 2Sa 24:18 , 19 –Built by Elijah 1Ki 18:31 , 32 –Mosaic commandments prescribing the construction of Ex 20:24-26 ; De 27:5-7 ; Jos 8:30 , 31 –See Eze 43:13 –Used in idolatrous worship Jud 6:25 ; 1Ki 12:32 ; 16:32 ; 18:26 ; 2Ki 16:10 ; 23:12 , 15 ; Isa 27:9 ; 65:3 ; Ho 8:11 ; Ac 17:23 –OF BURNT OFFERINGS .Called BRAZEN ALTAR Ex 39:39 ; 1Ki 8:64 .Called ALTAR OF GOD Ps 43:4 .Called ALTAR OF THE LORD Mal 2:13 –IN THE TABERNACLE .Pattern of Ex 27:1-8 .Constructed by Bezaleel Ex 38:1-7 ; with 37:1 .Location of Ex 40:6 , 29 ; Eze 8:16 ; Mt 23:35 .Furniture of Ex 27:3-7 ; 38:3-7 ; 1Sa 2:13 , 14 .Horns of Ex 27:2 .Uses of the horns Ps 118:27 .How sanctified Ex 29:36 , 37 , 44 ; 30:26-28 ; 40:10 ; Le 8:10 , 11 ; Nu 7 .See Eze 43:18-27 .See BLOOD .Sanctified everything that touched it Ex 29:37 ; 30:29 ; Mt 23:18 , 19 .A place of refuge Ex 21:14 ; 1Ki 1:50 ; 2:28 –IN SOLOMON’S TEMPLE .Description of 2Ch 4:1 .Renewed by Asa 2Ch 15:8 .Removed by Ahaz, and one of idolatrous fashion substituted 2Ki 16:14-17 .Cleansed by Hezekiah 2Ch 29:18-24 .Repaired by Manasseh 2Ch 33:16 .Furniture of, taken to Babylon 2Ki 25:14 .IN SECOND TEMPLE Ezr 3:1-6 .EZEKIEL’S VISION OF Eze 43:13-27 .See TABERNACLE .See TEMPLE –OF INCENSE .Called the GOLDEN ALTAR Ex 39:38 ; Nu 4:11 .ALTAR OF SWEET INCENSE Le 4:7 .ALTAR BEFORE THE LORD Le 16:18 .Pattern of Ex 30:1-5 .Constructed Ex 37:25-28 .Location of Ex 30:6 ; 40:5 , 26 .A cover made for, of the censers of Korah Nu 16:36-40 .Uses of Ex 30:7-10 , 26 , 27 ; 40:27 ; Le 4:7 , 18 ; 8:15 ; 9:9 ; 16:12 , 18 .How prepared for carrying Nu 4:4-15 .Carried by Kohathites Nu 3:27-31 .In Solomon’s temple 1Ki 6:19 , 20 ; 7:48 ; 1Ch 28:18 .Seen in John’s vision Re 8:3 ; 9:13