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[Easton] Is in Scripture very generally used to denote one invested with authority, whether extensive or limited. There were thirty-one kings in Canaan (Josh. 12:9, 24), whom Joshua subdued. Adonibezek subdued seventy kings (Judg. 1:7). In the New Testament the Roman emperor is spoken of as a king (1 Pet. 2:13, 17); and Herod Antipas, who was only a tetrarch, is also called a king (Matt. 14:9; Mark 6:22). This title is applied to God (1 Tim. 1:17), and to Christ, the Son of God (1 Tim. 6:15, 16; Matt. 27:11). The people of God are also called “kings” (Dan. 7:22, 27; Matt. 19:28; Rev. 1:6, etc.). Death is called the “king of terrors” (Job 18:14). Jehovah was the sole King of the Jewish nation (1 Sam. 8:7; Isa. 33:22). But there came a time in the history of that people when a king was demanded, that they might be like other nations (1 Sam. 8:5). The prophet Samuel remonstrated with them, but the people cried out, “Nay, but we will have a king over us.” The misconduct of Samuel’s sons was the immediate cause of this demand. The Hebrew kings did not rule in their own right, nor in name of the people who had chosen them, but partly as servants and partly as representatives of Jehovah, the true King of Israel (1 Sam. 10:1). The limits of the king’s power were prescribed (1 Sam. 10:25). The officers of his court were, (1) the recorder or remembrancer (2 Sam. 8:16; 1 Kings 4:3); (2) the scribe (2 Sam. 8:17; 20:25); (3) the officer over the house, the chief steward (Isa. 22:15); (4) the “king’s friend,” a confidential companion (1 Kings 4:5); (5) the keeper of the wardrobe (2 Kings 22:14); (6) captain of the bodyguard (2 Sam. 20:23); (7) officers over the king’s treasures, etc. (1 Chr. 27:25-31); (8) commander-in-chief of the army (1 Chr. 27:34); (9) the royal counsellor (1 Chr. 27:32; 2 Sam. 16:20-23). (For catalogue of kings of Israel and Judah see chronological table in Appendix.) [Smith] “a chief ruler, one invested with supreme authority over a nation, tribe or country.”—Webster. In the Bible the word does not necessarily imply great power or great extent of country. Many persons are called kings whom we should rather call chiefs or leaders. The word is applied in the Bible to God as the sovereign and ruler of the universe, and to Christ the Son of God as the head and governor of the Church. The Hebrews were ruled by a king during a period of about 500 years previous to the destruction of Jerusalem, B.C. 586. The immediate occasion of the substitution of a regal form of government for that of judges seems to have been the siege of Jabesh-gilead by Nahash king of the Ammonites. (1 Samuel 11:1; 12:12) The conviction seems to have forced itself on the Israelites that they could not resist their formidable neighbor unless they placed themselves under the sway of a king, like surrounding nations. The original idea of a Hebrew King was twofold: first, that he should lead the people to battle in time of war; and, a second, that he should execute judgment and justice to them in war and in peace. (1 Samuel 8:20) In both respects the desired end was attained. Besides being commander-in-chief of the army, supreme judge, and absolute master, as it were, of the lives of his subjects, the king exercised the power of imposing taxes on them, and of exacting from them personal service and labor. In addition to these earthly powers, the king of Israel had a more awful claim to respect and obedience. He was the vicegerent of Jehovah, (1 Samuel 10:1; 16:13) and as it were his son, if just and holy. (2 Samuel 7:14; Psalms 2:6,7; 89:26,27) he had been set apart as a consecrated ruler. Upon his dead had been poured the holy anointing oil, which had hitherto been reserved exclusively for the priests of Jehovah. He had become, in fact, emphatically “the Lord’s anointed.” He had a court of Oriental magnificence. The king was dressed in royal robes, (1 Kings 22:10; 2 Chronicles 18:9) his insignia were, a crown or diadem of pure gold, or perhaps radiant with precious gems, (2 Samuel 1:10; 12:30; 2 Kings 11:12; Psalms 21:3) and a royal sceptre. Those who approached him did him obeisance, bowing down and touching the ground with their foreheads, (1 Samuel 24:8; 2 Samuel 19:24) and this was done even by a king’s wife, the mother of Solomon. (1 Kings 1:16) His officers and subjects called themselves his servants or slaves. He had a large harem, which was guarded by eunuchs. The law of succession to the throne is somewhat obscure, but it seems most probable that the king during his lifetime named his successor. At the same time, if no partiality for a favorite wife or son intervened, there would always be a natural bias of affection in favor of the eldest son. [Nave] –Called KING OF KINGS Ezr 7:12 ; Eze 26:7 ; Da 2:37 –Divinely authorized De 17:15 ; 1Sa 9:16 , 17 ; 16:12 ; 1Ch 22:10 ; 2Ch 2:11 , 12 ; Pr 8:15 ; Da 2:21 , 37 ; 4:17 ; 5:20 ; Ho 8:4 ; 13:11 –How chosen .By divine appointment, Saul 1Sa 10:1 .David and the Davidic dynasty 1Sa 16:1-13 –Hereditary succession 2Sa 7:12-16 ; 1Ki 1:28-30 ; 2Ch 21:3 , 4 ; Ps 89:35-37 –See ISRAEL, KINGS OF JUDAH –Not hereditary 1Ch 1:43-51 –See ISRAEL, KINGS OF ISRAEL , after the revolt –By lot 1Sa 10:20 , 21 –Modes of induction into office .By anointing .See ANOINTING –By proclamation 2Sa 15:10 ; 1Ki 1:33 , 34 ; 2Ki 9:13 ; 11:12 –By an oath 2Ki 11:4 –Ceremonial recognition of .Prostration 1Sa 25:41 ; 2Sa 9:6 , 8 ; 1Ki 1:23 , 31 , 47 .Obeisance 1Ki 1:16 .Kneeling before Mt 27:29 .Salutation to: “O king, live forever,” Da 2:4 ; 6:6 , 21 –Acts as Judge 2Sa 8:15 ; 15:2 ; 1Ki 10:9 ; 2Ki 8:1-6 ; Ps 72:1-4 ; 122:5 ; Ac 25:11 , 12 , 20 –Precepts concerning De 17:14-19 ; Pr 31:4 , 5 ; Eze 46:16-18 –Obedience to, enjoined Ec 8:2-5 –Rights and duties of Pr 25:2 , 5 , 6 , 15 ; 29:4 , 12 , 14 ; Jer 21:12 –Exercise executive clemency 1Sa 11:13 –Constitutional restrictions of De 17:18-20 ; 1Sa 10:24 , 25 ; 2Sa 5:3 ; 2Ki 11:12 , 17 ; 2Ch 23:11 ; Jer 34:8-11 ; Da 6:12-15 –Influenced by popular opinion .Saul 1Sa 14:45 ; 15:24 .David 2Ch 20:21 .Hezekiah 2Ch 30:2 .Zedekiah Jer 38:19 , 24-27 .Herod Mt 14:5 ; Ac 12:2 , 3 .Pilate Joh 19:6-13 –Religious duties of Eze 45:9-25 ; 46:2 , 4-8 –Deification of Eze 28:2 , 9 –Loyalty to, enjoined Pr 16:14 , 15 ; Ec 10:20 –Influential queens .Bath-sheba 1Ki 1:28-34 .Jezebel 1Ki 18:4 , 13 ; 19:1-3 ; 21:5-16 .Esther Es 5:1-8 –Respect due to Job 34:18 ; Isa 8:21 ; Mt 22:21 ; Mr 12:17 –Profiting from .Confiscations of property 2Sa 16:4 ; 1Ki 21:1-16 –Plunder 2Sa 12:30 ; 1Ch 26:27 ; 2Ch 24:23 –Tariff on imports, and internal revenue on merchandise 1Ki 10:15-29 –Taxes 2Sa 20:24 ; 1Ki 12:18 ; 2Ch 17:11 –Poll tax Mt 17:24-27 –Presents 1Sa 10:27 ; 16:20 ; 2Sa 8:2 ; 1Ki 10:2 , 10 , 25 ; 2Ch 9:24 ; Ps 72:10 –Commissary of 1Ki 4:7-19 , 27 , 28 ; 1Ch 27:25-31 ; 2Ch 26:10 ; 32:28 , 29 –Extensive livestock of Jud 12:14 ; 1Ki 1:33 ; 4:26 ; 10:25 ; 2Ch 9:24 , 25 ; Es 6:8 –Chief officers of .The captain of the army 2Sa 8:16 ; 1Ki 4:4 .The recorder 2Sa 8:16 ; 20:24 ; 1Ki 4:3 .The scribe 2Sa 8:17 ; 20:25 ; 1Ki 4:3 .The chief priests 2Sa 8:17 ; 20:25 ; 1Ki 4:2 .The chief of the bodyguard 2Sa 8:18 ; 15:18 ; 20:23 ; 1Ch 11:25 .The collector of taxes 2Sa 20:24 .The chief ruler 2Sa 20:26 ; 1Ki 4:5 ; Es 3:1 , 2 ; 8:1 , 2 , 15 ; 10:3 .The advisor 1Ki 4:5 .The provincial governors Da 6:1-3 –Subordinate officers of .The governor of the household 1Ki 4:6 ; 2Ch 28:7 .The keeper of the wardrobe 2Ki 22:14 ; 2Ch 34:22 –Drunkenness of, forbidden Pr 31:4 , 5 –Drunken, instances of Ho 7:5 –Baasha 1Ki 16:9 –Ben-hadad 1Ki 20:16 –Belshazzar Da 5:1-4 , 23 –Ahasuerus Es 1:7 , 10 ; 5:6 ; 7:2 –Prayer for Ezr 6:10 –Prayer for, enjoined 1Ti 2:1 , 2 –Decrees of, irrevocable Es 8:8 ; Da 6:8 , 9 , 12-15 –Chronicles of, recorded 1Ki 11:41 ; 14:19 ; 2Ki 21:25 ; 1Ch 9:1 ; 27:24 ; 29:29 ; 2Ch 9:29 ; 12:15 ; 20:34 ; 26:22 ; 32:32 ; Ezr 5:17 ; Es 6:1 –See GOVERNMENT –See RULERS –For the kings of Israel, before and after the revolt of the ten tribes .See ISRAEL