십자가

Cross

사물

[Easton 한국어 번역] 신약에서 십자가형의 도구를 뜻하며, 따라서 그리스도께서 십자가에 못 박히신 일 자체를 가리키는 데 쓰인다(엡 2:16; 히 12:2; 고전 1:17, 18; 갈 5:11; 6:12, 14; 빌 3:18). 이 단어는 또한 극심한 고난이나 시련을 나타내는 데에도 쓰인다(마 10:38; 16:24; 막 8:34; 10:21). 십자가가 표현되는 형태는 다음과 같다. 1. 크룩스 심플렉스(crux simplex, I). “가로대가 없는 한 개의 목재”이다. 2. 크룩스 데쿠사타(crux decussata, X), 곧 성 안드레의 십자가이다. 3. 크룩스 코미사(crux commissa, T), 곧 성 안토니우스의 십자가이다. 4. 크룩스 이미사(crux immissa, t), 곧 라틴 십자가로, 우리 구주께서 죽으신 십자가의 형태이다. 우리 주의 머리 위로 돌출된 기둥에는 “죄패”가 붙어 있었다.(십자가형 참조.) 콘스탄티누스 대제의 이른바 회심(주전 313년) 이후, 십자가는 처음으로 기독교의 상징으로 사용되기 시작했다. 그는 위급한 순간에 하늘에서 불타는 십자가를 보았는데, 거기에 “In hoc signo vinces”, 곧 “이 표징으로 네가 정복하리라”라는 글이 쓰여 있었으며, 그다음 날 밤에는 그리스도께서 친히 나타나 이 십자가의 표징을 자신의 군기로 삼으라고 명하셨다고 가장했다. 이에 따라 이 형태로 라바룸(Labarum)이라는 새로운 군기가 만들어져 로마 군대가 이를 들고 다녔다. 이것은 서로마 제국이 멸망할 때까지 로마 군대의 군기로 남아 있었다. 그 군기에는 그리스도의 이름을 나타내는 결합 문자, 곧 그 이름의 처음 두 헬라어 글자인 X와 P(키와 로)가 알파와 오메가와 함께 수놓아져 있었다.(A 참조.)

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[Easton] In the New Testament the instrument of crucifixion, and hence used for the crucifixion of Christ itself (Eph. 2:16; Heb. 12:2; 1 Cor. 1:17, 18; Gal. 5:11; 6:12, 14; Phil. 3:18). The word is also used to denote any severe affliction or trial (Matt. 10:38; 16:24; Mark 8:34; 10:21). The forms in which the cross is represented are these: 1. The crux simplex (I), a “single piece without transom.” 2. The crux decussata (X), or St. Andrew’s cross. 3. The crux commissa (T), or St. Anthony’s cross. 4. The crux immissa (t), or Latin cross, which was the kind of cross on which our Saviour died. Above our Lord’s head, on the projecting beam, was placed the “title.” (See CRUCIFIXION.) After the conversion, so-called, of Constantine the Great (B.C. 313), the cross first came into use as an emblem of Christianity. He pretended at a critical moment that he saw a flaming cross in the heavens bearing the inscription, “In hoc signo vinces”, i.e., By this sign thou shalt conquer, and that on the following night Christ himself appeared and ordered him to take for his standard the sign of this cross. In this form a new standard, called the Labarum, was accordingly made, and borne by the Roman armies. It remained the standard of the Roman army till the downfall of the Western empire. It bore the embroidered monogram of Christ, i.e., the first two Greek letters of his name, X and P (chi and rho), with the Alpha and Omega. (See A.) [Smith] As the emblem of a slave’s death and a murderer’s punishment, the cross was naturally looked upon with the profoundest horror. But after the celebrated vision of Constantine, he ordered his friends to make a cross of gold and gems, such as he had seen, and “the towering eagles resigned the flags unto the cross,” and “the tree of cursing and shame” “sat upon the sceptres and was engraved and signed on the foreheads of kings.” (Jer. Taylor, “Life of Christ,” iii., xv. 1.) The new standards were called by the name Labarum, and may be seen on the coins of Constantine the Great and his nearer successors. The Latin cross on which our Lord suffered, was int he form of the letter T, and had an upright above the cross-bar, on which the “title” was placed. There was a projection from the central stem, on which the body of the sufferer rested. This was to prevent the weight of the body from tearing away the hands. Whether there was also a support to the feet (as we see in pictures) is doubtful. An inscription was generally placed above the criminal’s head, briefly expressing his guilt, and generally was carried before him. It was covered with white gypsum, and the letter were black. [Nave] –Jesus crucified on Mt 27:32 ; Mr 15:21 ; Lu 23:26 ; Ac 2:23 , 36 ; 4:10 ; 1Co 1:23 ; 2:2 , 8 ; Eph 2:16 ; Php 2:8 ; Col 1:20 ; 2:14 ; Heb 12:2 –Carried by .Simon Mt 27:32 ; Mr 15:21 ; Lu 23:26 .Jesus Joh 19:17 –FIGURATIVE Mt 10:38 ; 16:24 ; Mr 8:34 ; 10:21 ; Lu 9:23 ; 14:27 ; 1Co 1:17 , 18 ; Ga 5:11 ; 6:14 ; Php 3:18 .See CRUCIFIXION .See SELF-DENIAL

항목 출처: Easton; Smith; Nave · CC BY-SA 4.0; Public domain; NEUU CC BY 4.0