하늘

Heaven

주제

다른 표기: 천국

[Easton 한국어 번역] (1) 정의. “천지”라는 표현은 온 우주를 나타내는 데 사용된다(창 1:1; 렘 23:24; 행 17:24). 유대인의 관념에 따르면 세 하늘이 있었다. (a) 궁창. “공중의 새”(창 2:19; 7:3, 23; 시 8:8 등), “공중의 독수리”(애 4:19) 등의 표현에서 가리키는 하늘이다. (b) 별들이 있는 하늘(신 17:3; 렘 8:2; 마 24:29). (c) “하늘들의 하늘”, 또는 “셋째 하늘”(신 10:14; 왕상 8:27; 시 115:16; 148:4; 고후 12:2). (2) 원어 단어들의 의미. (a) “하늘”에 해당하는 일반적인 히브리어는 샤마임으로, “높은 곳들”, “높이 솟은 곳들”을 뜻하는 복수형이다(창 1:1; 2:1). (b) 히브리어 마롬도 “높은 곳들”, “높은 지대들”을 뜻하는 샤마임과 같은 의미로 사용된다(시 68:18; 93:4; 102:19 등). (c) 문자적으로 “바퀴”를 뜻하는 히브리어 갈갈은 시 77:18에서 “하늘”로 번역된다(영어 개역성경에서는 “회리바람”). (d) “공중” 또는 “하늘”로 번역되고(신 33:26; 욥 37:18; 시 18:11), 복수형은 “구름”으로 번역되는 히브리어 샤하크는(욥 35:5; 36:28; 시 68:34, 난외주에는 “하늘”) 아마 궁창을 뜻할 것이다. (e) 히브리어 라키아는 (d)와 밀접하게 관련되며, 불가타역에서는 피르마멘툼으로 번역되었다. 여기에서 영어의 “퍼머먼트”, 곧 “궁창”이라는 말이 유래하였다(창 1:6; 신 33:26 등). 이는 단단하게 펼쳐진 공간으로 여겨졌다. (3) 이 용어의 비유적 의미. 사 14:13, 14; “하늘 문”(시 78:23); 하늘이 “닫힘”(왕상 8:35); 하늘이 “열림”(겔 1:1). (대상 21:16 참조.) (4) 영적 의미. 의인들이 영원한 복락을 누리는 곳이며, 세상을 떠난 영혼들이 거하는 처소이다. (a) 그리스도께서는 이곳을 “내 아버지 집”이라고 부르신다(요 14:2). (b) “낙원”이라고 불린다(눅 23:43; 고후 12:4; 계 2:7). (c) “하늘의 예루살렘”(갈 4:26; 히 12:22; 계 3:12). (d) “천국”(마 25:1; 약 2:5). (e) “영원한 나라”(벧후 1:11). (f) “영원한 기업”(벧전 1:4; 히 9:15). (g) “더 나은 본향”(히 11:14, 16). (h) 복을 누리는 자들은 “아브라함과 이삭과 야곱과 함께 앉으며”, “아브라함의 품에” 있고(눅 16:22; 마 8:11), “그리스도와 함께 왕 노릇하며”(딤후 2:12), “안식”을 누린다고 묘사된다(히 4:10, 11). 하늘에서 의인들이 누리는 복락은 “영생”과 “영원한 영광의 중한 것”을 소유하고(고후 4:17), 모든 고난에서 영원히 벗어나며, 모든 악에서 건짐을 받고(고후 5:1, 2), 악인들과의 교제에서 벗어나며(딤후 4:18), 끝없는 행복과 영원히 “충만한 기쁨”을 누리는 데 있다(눅 20:36; 고후 4:16, 18; 벧전 1:4; 5:10; 요일 3:2). 신자의 하늘은 영원한 복락의 상태일 뿐 아니라 “장소”, 곧 그들을 위하여 “예비된” 장소이기도 하다(요 14:2).

영문 원문·다른 사전 펼치기

[Easton] (1.) Definitions. The phrase “heaven and earth” is used to indicate the whole universe (Gen. 1:1; Jer. 23:24; Acts 17:24). According to the Jewish notion there were three heavens, (a) The firmament, as “fowls of the heaven” (Gen. 2:19; 7:3, 23; Ps. 8:8, etc.), “the eagles of heaven” (Lam. 4:19), etc. (b) The starry heavens (Deut. 17:3; Jer. 8:2; Matt. 24:29). (c) “The heaven of heavens,” or “the third heaven” (Deut. 10:14; 1 Kings 8:27; Ps. 115:16; 148:4; 2 Cor. 12:2). (2.) Meaning of words in the original, (a) The usual Hebrew word for “heavens” is shamayim, a plural form meaning “heights,” “elevations” (Gen. 1:1; 2:1). (b) The Hebrew word marom is also used (Ps. 68:18; 93:4; 102:19, etc.) as equivalent to shamayim, “high places,” “heights.” (c) Heb. galgal, literally a “wheel,” is rendered “heaven” in Ps. 77:18 (R.V., “whirlwind”). (d) Heb. shahak, rendered “sky” (Deut. 33:26; Job 37:18; Ps. 18:11), plural “clouds” (Job 35:5; 36:28; Ps. 68:34, marg. “heavens”), means probably the firmament. (e) Heb. rakia is closely connected with (d), and is rendered “firmamentum” in the Vulgate, whence our “firmament” (Gen. 1:6; Deut. 33:26, etc.), regarded as a solid expanse. (3.) Metaphorical meaning of term. Isa. 14:13, 14; “doors of heaven” (Ps. 78:23); heaven “shut” (1 Kings 8:35); “opened” (Ezek. 1:1). (See 1 Chr. 21:16.) (4.) Spiritual meaning. The place of the everlasting blessedness of the righteous; the abode of departed spirits. (a) Christ calls it his “Father’s house” (John 14:2). (b) It is called “paradise” (Luke 23:43; 2 Cor. 12:4; Rev. 2:7). (c) “The heavenly Jerusalem” (Gal. 4: 26; Heb. 12:22; Rev. 3:12). (d) The “kingdom of heaven” (Matt. 25:1; James 2:5). (e) The “eternal kingdom” (2 Pet. 1:11). (f) The “eternal inheritance” (1 Pet. 1:4; Heb. 9:15). (g) The “better country” (Heb. 11:14, 16). (h) The blessed are said to “sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob,” and to be “in Abraham’s bosom” (Luke 16:22; Matt. 8:11); to “reign with Christ” (2 Tim. 2:12); and to enjoy “rest” (Heb. 4:10, 11). In heaven the blessedness of the righteous consists in the possession of “life everlasting,” “an eternal weight of glory” (2 Cor. 4:17), an exemption from all sufferings for ever, a deliverance from all evils (2 Cor. 5:1, 2) and from the society of the wicked (2 Tim. 4:18), bliss without termination, the “fulness of joy” for ever (Luke 20:36; 2 Cor. 4:16, 18; 1 Pet. 1:4; 5:10; 1 John 3:2). The believer’s heaven is not only a state of everlasting blessedness, but also a “place”, a place “prepared” for them (John 14:2). [Smith] There are four Hebrew words thus rendered in the Old Testament which we may briefly notice. Raki’a, Authorized Version, firmament. [Firmament] Shamayim . This is the word used in the expression “the heaven and the earth,” or “the upper and lower regions.” (Genesis 1:1) Marom, used for heaven in (Psalms 18:16; Isaiah 24:18; Jeremiah 25:30). Properly speaking it means a mountain as in (Psalms 102:19; Ezekiel 17:23) Shechakim, “expanses,” with reference to the extent of heaven. (33:26; Job 35:5) St. Paul’s expression “third heaven,” (2 Corinthians 12:2) had led to much conjecture. Grotius said that the Jews divided the heaven into three parts, viz., The air or atmosphere, where clouds gather; The firmament, in which the sun, moon and stars are fixed; The upper heaven, the abode of God and his angels, the invisible realm of holiness and happiness the home of the children of God. [Nave] –GOD’S DWELLING PLACE De 26:15 ; 1Ki 8:30 , 39 , 43 , 49 ; 1Ch 16:31 ; 21:26 ; 2Ch 2:6 ; 6:18 , 21 , 27 , 30 , 33 , 35 , 39 ; 30:27 ; Ne 9:27 ; Job 22:12 , 14 ; Ps 2:4 ; 11:4 ; 20:6 ; 33:13 ; 102:19 ; 103:19 ; 113:5 ; 123:1 ; 135:6 ; Ec 5:2 ; Isa 57:15 ; 63:15 ; 66:1 ; Jer 23:24 ; La 3:41 , 50 ; Da 4:35 ; 5:23 ; Zec 2:13 ; Mt 5:34 , 45 ; 6:9 ; 10:32 , 33 ; 11:25 ; 12:50 ; 16:17 ; 18:10 , 14 ; Mr 11:25 , 26 ; 16:19 ; Ac 7:49 ; Ro 1:18 ; Heb 8:1 ; Re 8:1 ; 12:7-9 ; 21:22-27 ; 22:1-5 –THE FUTURE DWELLING PLACE OF THE RIGHTEOUS .Called A GARNER Mt 3:12 .THE KINGDOM OF CHRIST AND OF GOD Eph 5:5 .THE FATHER’S HOUSE Joh 14:2 .A HEAVENLY COUNTRY Heb 11:16 .A REST Heb 4:9 ; Re 14:13 .PARADISE 2Co 12:2 , 4 .The wicked excluded from Ga 5:21 ; Eph 5:5 ; Re 22:15 –UNCLASSIFIED SCRIPTURES RELATING TO 2Ki 2:11 ; Job 3:17 ; Ps 16:11 ; 17:15 ; 23:6 ; 24:3 , 7 ; 73:24 ; Isa 33:17 ; 49:9 , 10 ; Da 12:3 ; Mal 3:17 ; Mt 3:12 ; 5:3 , 8 , 12 , 20 ; 6:20 ; 8:11 ; 13:30 , 43 , 49 ; 18:10 ; 19:21 ; 22:30 ; 25:34 , 46 ; Lu 10:20 ; 12:8 , 32 , 33 ; 15:6 , 7 , 10 , 32 ; 16:22 ; 20:34-36 ; 22:29 , 30 ; 23:43 ; Joh 5:28 , 29 ; 10:28 ; 12:26 ; 13:36 ; 14:2 , 3 ; 17:22 , 24 ; Ac 7:55 , 56 ; Ro 5:17 ; 2Co 5:1 ; 12:2-4 ; Eph 1:18 ; Col 1:5 , 6 , 12 ; 3:4 ; 1Th 2:12 ; 4:17 ; 2Th 1:7 ; 2:14 ; Heb 10:34 ; 11:10 , 16 ; 12:22-24 , 28 ; 13:14 ; 1Pe 1:4 ; 2Pe 1:11 ; 3:13 ; Re 2:7 ; 3:21 ; 4:4 ; 5:9 ; 7:9 , 13-17 ; 14:1-3 ; 15:2 ; 21:1-5 , 9-11 , 18 , 19 , 21-25 , 27 ; 22:1-5 .See RIGHTEOUS, PROMISES TO –THE PHYSICAL HEAVENS Ge 1:1 ; Ps 19:1 ; 50:6 ; 68:33 ; 89:29 ; 97:6 ; 103:11 ; 113:4 ; 115:16 ; Jer 31:37 ; Eze 1:1 ; Mt 24:29 , 30 ; Ac 2:19 , 20 .See Sub-topics, below –PHYSICAL HEAVENS, CREATION OF Ge 1:1 ; 2:1 ; 1Ch 16:26 ; 2Ch 2:12 ; Ne 9:6 ; Job 9:8 ; Ps 8:3 ; 19:1 ; 33:6 , 9 ; 148:4-6 ; Pr 8:27 ; Isa 37:16 ; 40:22 ; 42:5 ; 45:12 , 18 ; Jer 10:12 ; 32:17 ; 51:15 ; Ac 4:24 ; 14:15 ; Heb 1:10 ; Re 10:6 ; 14:7 .See HEAVENS, NEW .See CREATION .See GOD, CREATOR –PHYSICAL HEAVENS, DESTRUCTION OF Job 14:12 ; Ps 102:25 , 26 ; Isa 34:4 ; 51:6 ; Mt 5:18 ; 24:35 ; Heb 1:10-12 ; 2Pe 3:10 , 12 ; Re 6:12-14 ; 20:11 ; 21:1 , 4 –NEW HEAVENS Isa 65:17 ; 66:22 ; 2Pe 3:13 ; Re 21:1-4

항목 출처: Easton; Smith; Nave · CC BY-SA 4.0; Public domain; NEUU CC BY 4.0